I have relatively little knowledge about this also so am interested in seeing what comes up.
Clay however is relatively clear, the more humid the clay, the slower it will play. Hence the spraying with water. I'm not sure if you noticed but in the Murray/Del Potro match in Madrid, after the first set Del Potro requested that the court be sprayed. Murray agreed and it was sprayed. My understanding is that normally this is done before the match and at the change after two sets if the match is to continue.
With grass I understand that the type of grass has a big influence here, hence the controversy over the change of variety at Wimbledon. Also the underlying surface mix i.e. the sand/earth mix will affect bounce greatly. The length of the grass will also be a factor, as will the weather (and hence the moisture content of the ground).
Hardcourts by contrast I would imagine to be fairly consistent with only temperature being a significant variable. Interested to hear opinions on this.
As for the player's preferences I feel you are going to get as many preferences as there are players and opponents. What I mean by this is that some styles will prefer a fast court, some slow.
Matchups are also important in that some players may like a fast court except when playing a particular player. For example Blake will generally prefer a fast court but may prefer to play a slower court against Roddick as it neutralises his main weapon to a degree.
Cheers, Orig