Taxation has almost always been progressive, but the headline rates and the paid rates are always different.
Moreover, income is always diverted into capital, trusts and if particularly wealthy it can be offshored.
So the progressive effect is neutralized.
The rich by and large simply escape the national taxation systems; its the reasonably well off that pay a disproportionate share.
I read it correctly.
My remark was to do with the numerous ways governmental policy allows the big end of town to escape the income tax system, due to the control it exercises over government through money, so it's you who can't read as it was clear.
1. You simply refuse to understand my points made in posts 301,305 and 320. r2473 was talking exclusively about income tax, I wasn't.
2. You simply interpret any difference as progressive. I don't.
I don't get the point you are trying to make.
1. "The rich" may (do) in fact "hide" income to avoid taxation. You get no argument from me there.
2. As such, you can argue that their stated "real tax rate" is actually lower than reported. I think we can all see why. Let's assume they pay taxes on the $100 that they report in the amount of 25% (so $25). But they have effectively hidden $50. So their actual earnings for the year is $150. So they are really only paying a 16.7% rate in my example. This I understand.
3. Even so, when we look at the actual tax dollars collected, we do see how much "the rich" (top 1%; top 5%) actually pay in taxes as a percentage of the entire amount collected.
4. And if they didn't "hide" their income, it isn't true that they'd pay more in taxes. Why? Because the rates and rules would change. The government doesn't set rules and then wait and see how much money comes in and hope its enough. They know how much they want to collect and set the rules accordingly. Think about what happens when we run a "tax surplus". The president wants to immediately cut taxes. The government isn't trying to collect as much as it possibly can. It doesn't want to collect too much (that stifles the economy). It doesn't want to collect too little. It wants to collect "just the right amount".
5. As such, the "tax tricks" are factored into the system. On a macro level. Its true that individual tax payers can "game the system" sometimes, but overall, on a macro level, you will see that the rules are set such that most of the tax burden is shouldered by the top 5%.
6. I'm not sure what other taxes you want to look at. But the tax system is set up to encourage and discourage certain behavior. It influences behavior. So specify the tax you have in mind, and I'll try to talk about the behavior the government is trying to coercise.
It's best not to get caught up in individuals or headlines. Look at the aggregate numbers.
Again, I'm not addressing the "wage gap" or the growing income disparity. That's a whole seperate issue. But I'm really not following your discussion on taxes.