Sinner case: what does WADA have to prove to disqualify Jannik?
An analysis of the next steps of Jannik Sinner's positive doping test with some hypotheses on WADA's strategy to disqualify the Italian tennis player
Just when there were only a few hours left until the deadline for filing the appeal and it seemed that the ugly doping story involving Jannik Sinner could be shelved, a cold shower arrived from Montreal with the announcement of an appeal to the TAS (Tribunal Arbitral du Sport, the sports arbitration court in Lausanne) by WADA , according to which the Independent Tribunal's decision on the Sinner case "is not correct according to the applicable rules".
The dust raised by the positivity of the world number 1, which had cleared in recent weeks, has risen forcefully in the world of tennis, reviving a discussion that seemed to have been dormant.
What will happen to Sinner now? What is the risk for the South Tyrolean champion? But above all, what does it mean that WADA believes that Sinner should be suspended between one and two years?
The appeal to the TAS
The institution of the Court of Arbitration for Sport (also called CAS, “Court of Arbitration for Sport” in English) was founded in 1984 by the International Olympic Committee (IOC) and has progressively become independent from the IOC (which initially funded it entirely) by creating a specialized division for doping cases since 2016.
It is possible to request either direct arbitration or an appeal , after all other attempts at legal redress through the competent forums of the specific sports have been unsuccessful, as happened in this case. The entity requesting the appeal to the CAS must send a written request , the parties initially communicate with each other in writing until a hearing is reached which gives both parties the opportunity to present their case.
The hearing takes place before three arbitrators who may be selected from those included in the CAS list. Each of the two parties involved may choose one arbitrator . The panel of three chosen arbitrators will then in turn appoint one of the arbitrators as president. While the decision of an arbitration is usually communicated a few weeks after the hearing, in the case of an appeal the decision is made known on the same day.
The CAS decision is theoretically appealable to the Swiss Federal Court, but it is very rare for the decision to be overturned except for procedural errors by the judging panel. The overturning almost never occurs on the merits of the case.
What WADA needs to prove
According to the brief statement from WADA announcing the appeal, the anti-doping body did not contest the reconstruction of the facts provided by Sinner's team to the Independent Tribunal and accepted by the judges, but maintains that the application of the regulation was not carried out correctly. According to WADA, in fact, a degree of negligence on Sinner's part must be found that led to the involuntary contamination, and according to Article 10.6.2 of the Tennis Anti-Doping Programme (TADP) the period of disqualification varies from a maximum of two years to a minimum of half based on the degree of fault found in the athlete.
According to the Independent Tribunal, Sinner was not considered negligent because his actions in the period immediately preceding the positive tests on 10 and 18 March were considered sufficient to create a situation within his team that could reasonably have prevented inadvertent contamination. Sinner had employed a team of professionals under contract with clauses specifying their role in participating in the athlete Jannik Sinner's anti-doping programme. The athletic trainer Umberto Ferrara, a professional with many years of experience in this field and a degree in pharmacy, was then appointed as the person responsible for this function.
Furthermore, immediately after the accident that caused the cut to the left little finger of the physiotherapist Giacomo Naldi, Sinner questioned Naldi about the nature of the injury and the use of drugs to treat the wound. Naldi reportedly confirmed to Sinner that no drugs had been used to heal the wound, since Ferrara's interest and suggestion regarding Trofodermin (the over-the-counter drug in Italy that contains the banned substance Clostebol) came after Sinner's question.
In the first instance, this behavior of Sinner was considered sufficient to exonerate him from guilt or negligence in the accidental contamination, but WADA does not share the same opinion, and believes that Sinner should have done more. But what can be contested to the Italian athlete?
For the purposes of this analysis, the reconstruction of facts provided by Sinner's team will be considered truthful, since it has not been contested by any of the parties involved so far.
First, WADA could argue that since Naldi suggested that he had used Trofodermin on the wound and bandaged the cut finger for a rather long period of time (around 10 days), Sinner should have asked Naldi once again, during the convalescence of the wound , whether he was using any medication to promote healing. The fact that Sinner's interest was limited to a single question, which inevitably came before the use of the incriminated drug, could be considered negligent behavior on Sinner's part.
Furthermore, WADA could also focus on the presence of Trofodermin itself inside Ferrara's medicine bag and more generally in the accommodation that Sinner shared with his team in Indian Wells during the tournament. One of the most astonishing passages in the story of the Sinner team, in fact, is the one that sees a professional of Ferrara's experience go to an Italian pharmacy to buy a drug notoriously included in the list of prohibited substances and then take it to California during the tournament in which he would have worked closely with Sinner.
Was Ferrara's behavior in violation of the terms of his contract with Sinner? Or was possession of prohibited substances by a staff member during a trip essentially permitted within the Sinner team? If the second hypothesis were to be correct, then WADA could argue , not without reason, that Sinner had not taken sufficient precautions to avoid coming into contact with prohibited substances.
If, instead, the contract between Sinner and his team included a clause that imposed a “sterile zone” (i.e. free of prohibited substances) around the athlete, a clause that Ferrara would therefore have violated, then WADA's attention could shift to how this rule was enforced by Sinner: did he trust that his staff would behave according to the rules or were there control mechanisms in place? The absence of these control mechanisms could constitute a degree of negligence on the part of the Italian tennis player.