What's your resting heart rate?

chess9

Hall of Fame
If you are a very fit adult, with a history of hard cardiovascular training, the odds are good that your resting heart rate is under 50 bpm. Although heart rates vary widely, a low resting heart rate is one fairly good indicator of cardiovascular fitness. We have no solid evidence that lower is better, though many of the top endurance athletes have resting heart rates in the low 30's, and some have had mid-20's, supposedly. (I'm thinking urban legend on some of these numbers, but....)

During my first stress test, done at age 40 at my wife's insistence, my cardiologist used Borg's ekg as a template for the "perfect" rhythm. Of course, that was in the dark ages of medicine, and today the "youngest science" is approaching pubescence so we must know more, eh? :) I thought it was a good argument for the benefits of tennis anyway.

If you are over the age of 18, please post your resting heart rate. Your resting heart rate, by my definition, is your pulse taken in bed in the morning shortly after waking from a night's sleep. If you are under 18, you are likely to have significantly higher heart rates. Females also tend to have higher heart rates than males.

My resting heart rate this a.m. was 44 beats per minute. That is a bit high for me but I had 2.5 hours of hard tennis yesterday. On the other hand, I'm 63. In my late 20's my RHR was in the low 30's.

-Robert
 

couch

Hall of Fame
I'm 36 and I think mine's around 58, maybe just under. But then again, I never have a resting heart rate because I'm always chasing my three kids around. Maybe that's what keeps me in shape though.
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
couch said:
I'm 36 and I think mine's around 58, maybe just under. But then again, I never have a resting heart rate because I'm always chasing my three kids around. Maybe that's what keeps me in shape though.

Chasing kids is more wearing than tennis. I have three of my own, so I speak from experience. You will be in marathon form in no time. :)

-Robert
 

Andres

G.O.A.T.
53-65. Among that range, but I didn't measure it the moment you said. That's the normal range for any given moment on the day. Is it in the morning that different?
My dad has that very same rate, and he doesn't work out that much... actually, almost never, so I think it must be some heritage.
My mum, on the other hand, was usually a high heart rate.
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
Andres Guazzelli said:
53-65. Among that range, but I didn't measure it the moment you said. That's the normal range for any given moment on the day. Is it in the morning that different?
My dad has that very same rate, and he doesn't work out that much... actually, almost never, so I think it must be some heritage.
My mum, on the other hand, was usually a high heart rate.

Andres:

Yes, typically it's lower first thing in the a.m. If you had an expensive heart rate monitor and software, such as my Polar 625sx, you could simply record your heart rate from, like 6:00 a.m. to 6:15 a.m., transfer it to the computer and graph it. You'd probably find your lowest heart rate is lower than 53. But, yes, some of this is inherited, but training can have a large effect on resting heart rate.

I'd suggest you check in tomorrow a.m. first thing if you want to get an accurate reading. You are pretty young and fit so you should be in the high 40's at worst, but I'm just guessing. Of course, you are also a large fellow and bigger guys do tend to slightly higher heart rates for obvious reasons.

-Robert
 

Return_Ace

Hall of Fame
i'm like high 60s, low 70s :rolleyes: /am 16

though i've heard that Lance Armstrong is supposed to have a bpm of mid 20s
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
Return_Ace said:
i'm like high 60s, low 70s :rolleyes: /am 16

though i've heard that Lance Armstrong is supposed to have a bpm of mid 20s

That's very good, but try taking it first thing in the morning and re-post.

-Robert
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
Tim Tennis said:
61 years old, resting rate 60 bpm

Tim: Love your sig! Did you take it first thing in the a.m.? That's very good for your age, by the way. We checked heart rates one day at my club while watching World Cup matches (late afternoon) and I was a bit surprised at the high levels among the older guys AND by the irregularity of the heart rates, such as 80, 87, 88, 81, 90, etc. and done sitting still. One guy, who I later heard was declined a stress test by his doctor because the doc was afraid he'd die, was at 90 something but bouncing all over the place! (I played doubles with him one day and was afraid he was going to die on me. Obese, red, angry, etc. All the worst symptoms.)

Good luck with your tennis old man. :)

-Robert
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
North said:
56 first thing in the morning, low to mid 60s later in the day. I'm a 50 year old woman.

Sounds like you are very fit, considering what I'll bet is a hectic work and family schedule. It's hard in midlife to stay fit....

Most women I know are in the 60's to 70's, including some runners.

-Robert
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
tennispr() said:
like 66-70

Are you under 18? I like your anime' avatar. My daughter does anime' and is studying graphic arts at the USF in St. Pete, Florida.

-Robert
 

rasajadad

Hall of Fame
Cardio

chess9 said:
That's actually pretty good. I'm assuming you do some cardio besides tennis? Most of the guys your age are probably 60-80.

-Robert
Some of it is genetic. My dad was slow too. But yes, I do cardio. Interval training and anaerobic drills twice a week, with one long run a week (3.5 miles with hills.) Tennis 5X/week. Play 2X, drills or machine 3X.
 

North

Professional
chess9 said:
Sounds like you are very fit, considering what I'll bet is a hectic work and family schedule. It's hard in midlife to stay fit....

Most women I know are in the 60's to 70's, including some runners.

-Robert

It's starting to creep up as I age - my HR used to be in the low 50s all the time. I am pretty fit and have to admit I get a kick out of telling people how old I really am (especially if I just beat someone half my age in singles) - women will admit to our ages if we look a lot younger - lol ;)! It takes a definite committment to stay fit and, aside from my regular rest day every week or so, I do a daily workout. I have aerobic days, anaerobic days, do weights, daily Pilates, crunches, boxing for cross-training, etc. I am also keenly attentive to diet and nutrition. I used to have the body fat down to 10% but that is inevitably starting to creep up as I get older, too. Oh, well, it beats the alternative!

Oh, yeah, forgot to add... I do tai chi first thing every morning as a form of meditation. Very helpful, I've found, with a lower HR.
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
JMaj said:
Age 51.
At 189 lbs, 60 bpm, blood pressure 130/80
At 151 lbs, 45 bpm, blood pressure 100/56

Amen, brother, you are preaching to the choir. What a difference, eh? I'll bet you also feel like you are 30 at that weight. Diet and exercise.... I hope these kids start taking it in.

-Robert
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
North said:
It's starting to creep up as I age - my HR used to be in the low 50s all the time. I am pretty fit and have to admit I get a kick out of telling people how old I really am (especially if I just beat someone half my age in singles) - women will admit to our ages if we look a lot younger - lol ;)! It takes a definite committment to stay fit and, aside from my regular rest day every week or so, I do a daily workout. I have aerobic days, anaerobic days, do weights, daily Pilates, crunches, boxing for cross-training, etc. I am also keenly attentive to diet and nutrition. I used to have the body fat down to 10% but that is inevitably starting to creep up as I get older, too. Oh, well, it beats the alternative!

Oh, yeah, forgot to add... I do tai chi first thing every morning as a form of meditation. Very helpful, I've found, with a lower HR.

Good grief, woman! I thought I was a workout maniac! Anyway, good for you and yes, heart rate rises with age, as you know. Central body fat stores also usually climb, but we can keep it from getting out of hand. According to my Tanita Ironman scale, I have 6 pounds of visceral fat. Bloody hell....Six pounds of almost useless weight dragging me down. :) Last summer before Ironman Lake Placid I had 5 pounds of visceral fat, but I was down to a Bataan Death March-like 162 lbs.

-Robert
 

Jonnyf

Hall of Fame
Recorded in pyshics first thing (about 9:30am) a couple of months ago and it was 56 the first time and 57 the next


(im 14 and apparently have a minor heart something lol)
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
Jonnyf said:
Recorded in pyshics first thing (about 9:30am) a couple of months ago and it was 56 the first time and 57 the next


(im 14 and apparently have a minor heart something lol)

Sounds good Johnny and I hope the minor heart something doesn't keep you from kicking butt on the court. :) And if you do have a "minor something" be sure to stay fit ALL your life.

-Robert
 

Jonnyf

Hall of Fame
Yeah i asked my mum what it was its a minor heart abnormality but i have no idea what that means lol
 

Swissv2

Hall of Fame
Lance armstrong's resting heart rate is 32-33 (for the record).

I recently bought a Polar f11 to check my pulse, and did three pulse checks (all different times of the day) compared to the Polar to double check and make sure. It was spot on.

My resting heart rate is 40.
 

Tim Tennis

Professional
And the beat goes on

chess9 said:
Tim: Love your sig! Did you take it first thing in the a.m.? That's very good for your age, by the way.
Good luck with your tennis old man. :)

-Robert

Hi Robert, No I actually took it while I was sitting at the computer. I probably should have subtracted 10 from it. LOL I went to the doctor this year and they took it about 4 different times and it always came in close to 60 bpm. My blood pressure was about 120 over 60 which I think is pretty good. Glad you liked the signature. Good luck with your tennis too.
 

North

Professional
chess9 said:
Good grief, woman! I thought I was a workout maniac! Anyway, good for you and yes, heart rate rises with age, as you know. Central body fat stores also usually climb, but we can keep it from getting out of hand. According to my Tanita Ironman scale, I have 6 pounds of visceral fat. Bloody hell....Six pounds of almost useless weight dragging me down. :) Last summer before Ironman Lake Placid I had 5 pounds of visceral fat, but I was down to a Bataan Death March-like 162 lbs.

-Robert

Lol - it's not as bad as it sounds and really only takes about an hour a day, though if I have time, I do more. I'm still pretty trim but it takes a lot more work to stay that way. I weighed 100-105 for years (I'm 5'2") but now can't get below about 115 or I start to lose more muscle than fat. The hormonal imperative is more gradual and less pronounced earlier on in men in middle age and beyond. Mostly my goal is to maintain flexibility and core body strength. So far, seems to be working well.
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
North said:
Lol - it's not as bad as it sounds and really only takes about an hour a day, though if I have time, I do more. I'm still pretty trim but it takes a lot more work to stay that way. I weighed 100-105 for years (I'm 5'2") but now can't get below about 115 or I start to lose more muscle than fat. The hormonal imperative is more gradual and less pronounced earlier on in men in middle age and beyond. Mostly my goal is to maintain flexibility and core body strength. So far, seems to be working well.

"The hormonal imperative"? You mean storing body fat, and lowered testosterone values?

One of the reasons I still lift heavy is to try to keep some of my muscle mass. At my age I've probably got 50% of the testosterone I had at 18, which is probably a good thing in some ways. :) Of course, women want to keep their testosterone levels up too, don't they? During the peri to post menopausal ages testosterone levels drop some in most women, as I recall, which may account for the rise in fat stores in part. Inactivity is part of it I'll bet. I see women at my races in their 70's who look 50. Sister Madonna Buder still looks about 60-65, and she's about 75 and didn't start racing until her mid-50's. Quite a story there....Anyway, you sound like a fantastic "girl". Keep it up, as you are a good example rather than a horrible warning. :)

-Robert
 

Midlife crisis

Hall of Fame
I believe the lowest verified resting heart rate was for Miguel Indurain at 28 BPM.

Right after waking up, my heart rate is usually 36-37 BPM. It is less than 40 unless I've had a hard workout late in the day before. From my bike power meter files, my maximum sustained 10 minute heart rate average was 184, and my maximum heart rate recorded on the bike this year has been 188. I remember the 184 for 10 minutes - I was oozing lactic acid out of my ears and wanted to puke out of every pore. I turn 45 in October.
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
Midlife crisis said:
I believe the lowest verified resting heart rate was for Miguel Indurain at 28 BPM.

Right after waking up, my heart rate is usually 36-37 BPM. It is less than 40 unless I've had a hard workout late in the day before. From my bike power meter files, my maximum sustained 10 minute heart rate average was 184, and my maximum heart rate recorded on the bike this year has been 188. I remember the 184 for 10 minutes - I was oozing lactic acid out of my ears and wanted to puke out of every pore. I turn 45 in October.

That's a good sign you've done some hard training. :) The difference between trained endurance athletes and the average good recreational athlete is quite striking as expressed in heart rate.

I expected these sorts of heart rates from you, though. :)

I also have a Power Tap Pro built into a Reynolds carbon fiber rear wheel. I think I've hit about 155 bpm on the bike when averaging 191 watts over a one hour TT. That was last year when training for Ironman U.S.A. in Lake Placid. I had my PT on my bike and my bike on my Computrainer. I liked training that way to cross check by wattages. :)

My highest heart rates are still achieved while running, btw.

-Robert
 

Midlife crisis

Hall of Fame
chess9 said:
I also have a Power Tap Pro built into a Reynolds carbon fiber rear wheel. I think I've hit about 155 bpm on the bike when averaging 191 watts over a one hour TT. That was last year when training for Ironman U.S.A. in Lake Placid. I had my PT on my bike and my bike on my Computrainer. I liked training that way to cross check by wattages. :)

My highest heart rates are still achieved while running, btw.

-Robert

My highest heart rates are while running also. I think that's why most exercise physiologists refer to the highest heart rate performing an activity as the "peak" heart rate rather than the maximum heart rate, because as you've said it varies from sport to sport. Cycling is a weight-supported exercise and won't involve as many muscles as running, so it takes an extremely trained cyclist to hit their true maximum when cycling. My maximum running heart rate is in the low 190's.

BTW, I have one of the first few 28 hole Powertap hubs ever made. It's probably six or seven years old now and still going strong, but I did upgrade the head unit to a Pro a couple of years back. The ten minute period I was talking about was when I was chasing a couple of cat II's up a two mile long, stairstep climb. It was about a 90 minute ride and this climb was about half way through, with flats and downhills the remaining way so I was trying desperately to keep up. If I remember right, I averaged 382 watts for that 10 minute period, and I was so into the grey haze at the end that I barely knew which way was up. Unfortunately, I could see well enough to know that they had completely and utterly exploded me off the back since they averaged 5 watts/kg and even at 382 watts, I was at about 4.3 watts/kg. Ouch!
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
Midlife crisis said:
My highest heart rates are while running also. I think that's why most exercise physiologists refer to the highest heart rate performing an activity as the "peak" heart rate rather than the maximum heart rate, because as you've said it varies from sport to sport. Cycling is a weight-supported exercise and won't involve as many muscles as running, so it takes an extremely trained cyclist to hit their true maximum when cycling. My maximum running heart rate is in the low 190's.

BTW, I have one of the first few 28 hole Powertap hubs ever made. It's probably six or seven years old now and still going strong, but I did upgrade the head unit to a Pro a couple of years back. The ten minute period I was talking about was when I was chasing a couple of cat II's up a two mile long, stairstep climb. It was about a 90 minute ride and this climb was about half way through, with flats and downhills the remaining way so I was trying desperately to keep up. If I remember right, I averaged 382 watts for that 10 minute period, and I was so into the grey haze at the end that I barely knew which way was up. Unfortunately, I could see well enough to know that they had completely and utterly exploded me off the back since they averaged 5 watts/kg and even at 382 watts, I was at about 4.3 watts/kg. Ouch!

Wow! Climbing is such a tough ride for heavier guys. Oh to be Oscar Sevilla or have Armstrong's VO2max on the climbs. I die on the climbs. In fact, all my best watts/kg are on the flats and races of an hour or less. I started out in crits, btw, and only got to Cat III. But I was pretty big and could sprint fast if I had anything left on the bell lap. :) I've raced with the CAT I and IIs when they lumped us together for a race. So boring to be lapped.... :)

I had a regular Power Tap first. A 32 hole bullet proof wheel which I sold for more than I paid for it on ****. I paid $800 for the Reynolds wheel two years ago.

I don't know if you do jumps or sprints, but I could hit about 900 watts last year when I was doing all that endurance training. I was surprised I still had a little bit of a sprinter left in me. Of course, the top sprinters are close to, what, about 1800 watts max? Scary....

Too bad we don't have a way of measuring effort on the tennis court other than the score. Heart rate is very unreliable.

-Robert
 

Midlife crisis

Hall of Fame
chess9 said:
I don't know if you do jumps or sprints, but I could hit about 900 watts last year when I was doing all that endurance training. I was surprised I still had a little bit of a sprinter left in me. Of course, the top sprinters are close to, what, about 1800 watts max? Scary....

My highest ever single reading was 1761 watts, and my best 5 second average is over 1600 watts. But just like serving speed, it's only a number to be tossed around in a bar over a beer. Against a cat III or higher, I'm not even around for the final sprint, and against cat IV or cat V, I'm usually only able to pull out 1300 watts or so, sometimes even lower, just because I'm too fatigued at that point to make a big number.

If I could get into the bunch at the TdF in the last mile and had to sprint against McEwen and Boonen, I'd give them a really good run for the money. Ride the whole route and then try to sprint against them, uhh, I'd be about five miles off the back when they were hitting the line. . . :(

BTW, another tidbit. Did you know that Mark Allen, in his prime, could run 6:30 miles at a heart rate of 130 BPM? Whoa!
 

GOOOOOGA

Rookie
My resting heart rate is 44 bpm. I happened to check it last night, randomly. I'm 16. When I was 12 or 13 though, my rhr was like 70ish (i was a "little" pudgy), and last year or two years ago it was like low 60s. I put in my hours on the track and in the gym, though, during the summers. it's kinda my source of pride, along with my mile time and my 40 yd dash.
 

travlerajm

Talk Tennis Guru
I did a hike in the Andes at a time when I hadn't been doing any cardiovascular training. My resting heartrate was in the mid 60s. After struggling and barely making it over a 13,500-ft pass, my buddy (who was in much better shape than me) and I decided to stop and camp at 13,000 ft instead of continuing down the hill to the main camp area. My heart rate was at about 220 when I set up the tent at 6pm. By midnight, I still hadn't fallen asleep. I checked my heart rate and it was still at about 180, even after lying on my back for 6 hours. Very scary. I learned my lesson. The next day I took baby steps up the ascent at about half the pace of the day before, and my heart rate never got above 160. The moral is: if you climb in altitude, go much slower than you think you can go.
 

MTChong

Professional
I just did it right now at 11PM; though I should do it in the morning... I'm 17 years old (so I guess it'll change? I don't know how that works out), and it's 58 bpm. =(
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
GOOOOOGA said:
My resting heart rate is 44 bpm. I happened to check it last night, randomly. I'm 16. When I was 12 or 13 though, my rhr was like 70ish (i was a "little" pudgy), and last year or two years ago it was like low 60s. I put in my hours on the track and in the gym, though, during the summers. it's kinda my source of pride, along with my mile time and my 40 yd dash.

Excellent numbers. I'm sure you don't want for endurance on the tennis court!

-Robert
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
Midlife crisis said:
My highest ever single reading was 1761 watts, and my best 5 second average is over 1600 watts. But just like serving speed, it's only a number to be tossed around in a bar over a beer. Against a cat III or higher, I'm not even around for the final sprint, and against cat IV or cat V, I'm usually only able to pull out 1300 watts or so, sometimes even lower, just because I'm too fatigued at that point to make a big number.

If I could get into the bunch at the TdF in the last mile and had to sprint against McEwen and Boonen, I'd give them a really good run for the money. Ride the whole route and then try to sprint against them, uhh, I'd be about five miles off the back when they were hitting the line. . . :(

BTW, another tidbit. Did you know that Mark Allen, in his prime, could run 6:30 miles at a heart rate of 130 BPM? Whoa!

I've watched Mark Allen crank out a 5:20 something mile at the end of an Ironman. The guy was called "The Terminator". :)

I wish I'd had a power meter in my 30's when I was racing crits. No telling what my power was. I know I was leg pressing huge numbers and squatting slightly less huge numbers, so I had to have had a bit of power. No Nelson Vails, but....

I doubt you would remember it, but there was a bike ergometer going around the bike stores and clubs in the late 70's and early 80's that supposedly tested VO2max. It couldn't have been anything more than a gimmick, but all the guys were getting tested. They based it in part on your max heart rate during a 5 minute timed and stepped by wattage protocol and compared your numbers to others in their data base. I don't recall my number but the guy said I was the highest they had recorded at that store. Oddly, I have never been good at anything but sprinting and shorter events. I'm terrible at long distance stuff by comparison to the guys I race with. I'm usually mid to back of the pack. You'd think a decent VO2max would confer some advantage, including a higher LT, but no, and it doesn't help my forehand at all. :)

-Robert
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
travlerajm said:
I did a hike in the Andes at a time when I hadn't been doing any cardiovascular training. My resting heartrate was in the mid 60s. After struggling and barely making it over a 13,500-ft pass, my buddy (who was in much better shape than me) and I decided to stop and camp at 13,000 ft instead of continuing down the hill to the main camp area. My heart rate was at about 220 when I set up the tent at 6pm. By midnight, I still hadn't fallen asleep. I checked my heart rate and it was still at about 180, even after lying on my back for 6 hours. Very scary. I learned my lesson. The next day I took baby steps up the ascent at about half the pace of the day before, and my heart rate never got above 160. The moral is: if you climb in altitude, go much slower than you think you can go.

At 13,000 feet it's like breathing through a largish straw. Imagine Mt. Everest! :) Any significant defect in your cardiovascular system will be demonstrated quickly at altitude. Real adaptation takes a long time, btw.

I flew to Colorado Springs to do the Pike's Peak Marathon in about 1984, I think. I got there two weeks early to train and acclimate. Anyway, I got altitude sickness from doing a training run up the road to the top of Pike's Peak. I then caught a terrible cold and ended up bagging the race. But, I remember the feeling as I ran UP the mountain. Talk about aerobic challenges....It's a beautiful race and highly recommended if you can get into it. Apply early if you are inclined upwards, or want to be.

-Robert
 

chess9

Hall of Fame
MTChong said:
I just did it right now at 11PM; though I should do it in the morning... I'm 17 years old (so I guess it'll change? I don't know how that works out), and it's 58 bpm. =(

Yes, as you age, and assuming you keep aerobically fit, it will tend to drop. At your age you may still have high metabolic processes, so, unless you are doing distance running, that is about right.

-Robert
 

Midlife crisis

Hall of Fame
chess9 said:
I wish I'd had a power meter in my 30's when I was racing crits. No telling what my power was. I know I was leg pressing huge numbers and squatting slightly less huge numbers, so I had to have had a bit of power. No Nelson Vails, but....

I once RODE with Nelson Vails. He was out here competing at the Marymoor Velodrome and did a smooth and steady warmup on the bike trail that basically ends at the velodrome itself. I remember thinking that no one could ever have legs that size, and how in the heck did he manage to get a pair of shorts to wrap around those quads when it looked like his waistband wasn't any larger?

Anyhow, your peak heart rate decreases by about 0.7 beats per minute per year, and your VO2 max decreases, in well trained individuals, by a little less than 1% per year. So, if you are 60, you probably have about 25% less oxygen uptake than at 30. Whatever aerobically based power numbers you put up now, you were probably capable of one-third higher numbers at age 30.

I doubt you would remember it, but there was a bike ergometer going around the bike stores and clubs in the late 70's and early 80's that supposedly tested VO2max. It couldn't have been anything more than a gimmick, but all the guys were getting tested. They based it in part on your max heart rate during a 5 minute timed and stepped by wattage protocol and compared your numbers to others in their data base. I don't recall my number but the guy said I was the highest they had recorded at that store. Oddly, I have never been good at anything but sprinting and shorter events. I'm terrible at long distance stuff by comparison to the guys I race with. I'm usually mid to back of the pack. You'd think a decent VO2max would confer some advantage, including a higher LT, but no, and it doesn't help my forehand at all. :)

-Robert

My first introduction to power measuring on a bike was that extremely fragile Look Max One hub, which for all intents and purposes was the predecessor to the Powertap. I got one try at it when it was fairly new, did about a kilowatt, and called it good. I have no idea if it was accurate or repeatable, but it was good for bragging rights if nothing else. About that time, I did a couple of VO2 max tests and scored in the 60's, but I know so much more about training now than I did then. Twenty years ago, with the training that I do now, I could probably have had a VO2 max in the lower 70's, which would have made me a regional level contender.

And no, that doesn't help my forehand either!
 

MTChong

Professional
chess9 said:
Yes, as you age, and assuming you keep aerobically fit, it will tend to drop. At your age you may still have high metabolic processes, so, unless you are doing distance running, that is about right.

-Robert

Oh right, metabolisms; mine is very high - I just eat and it goes away! And no distance running for me; I'm trying to pick it up a bit during the summer, maybe 30 minutes with maybe a 1 minute break somewhere in there at least twice a week.
 

thebosher

New User
I try to run at least 18 miles a week along with like 6 hours of tennis and 3 hours of soccer a week, and around maybe 4 and half hours of lifting.
 
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