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Dualism

History of Dualism​

An early form of dualism can be found in the idea that humans possess a psychological core, the self or soul, that survive bodily death. Versions of this idea appear in some of the earliest surviving sources, including Shang Dynasty oracles, the Epic of Gilgamesh, the Homeric poems, the Hebrew Bible and Egyptian funerary texts. Religious practices involving communication with the spirits of the dead appear to be universal across cultures (Steadman et al. 1996). Data from infant psychology suggest that dualism of this kind may be part of how humans naturally conceive of themselves, irrespective of environmental and cultural factors (Wellman 1990, 58; Bering 2006; Bloom 2007; cf. Hodge 2008). Early philosophical discussions of dualism emerge in Vedic India and Classical Greece. Both traditions have a powerful influence on philosophy of mind today. Works from a third major centre of ancient philosophical texts, China, also regularly presuppose dualism (Slingerland 2013). However, early Chinese philosophy is less preoccupied with the mind-body problem than that of India and Greece. Two events have a profound impact on subsequent discussions of dualism: the spread of the Abrahamic religions in late antiquity; and the emergence of mechanistic science in the early modern period.

Dualism and Mechanistic Science​

Early Modern philosophy also sees a major development in approaches to dualism pioneered by Descartes (1596–1650). In addition to advancing arguments for dualism that remain influential today, Descartes instigated two shifts in the way philosophers tend to understand dualism. First, in contrast to his Aristotelian predecessors, he combined dualism with a new mechanistic conception of the natural world of which he was a pioneer. Secondly, while earlier philosophers in the West tend to rest their arguments for the immateriality of the mind on the intellect, Descartes shifts the focus to consciousness, which he takes to include not just intellectual activity but also sensory awareness. It is also in the context of mechanistic science that the problem of mind-body interaction gains its status as the leading objection to dualism.
https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/dualism/
 
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