The only way you can interpret such outcomes is that the algorithm gives disproportionately higher weight to the "play-up" results.
There are several other ways to interpret such outcomes.
USTA weighs each match the same in terms of your dynamic rating. Every player has a dynamic rating and that rating changes- either a lot or a little- following every match.
Singles, doubles, playing in your level, playing up a level, etc. are all weighed the same. However, when you play singles or someone with a rating that is much higher or much lower than yours, your rating has the potential for
greater change.
Let's use the example of Bill, an average 3.0 player. Bill starts the season with a 2.75 dynamic rating. Bill plays one of these 4 different matches with different opponents:
Bill d. Steve (3.0 with a 2.65 dynamic rating) 6-4 6-4
The computer expects close to this score, the match generates a 2.78 rating for Bill for this match, which gets averaged into his dynamic rating. Bill's dynamic rating goes up to 2.76
Albert (3.5 with a 3.45 dynamic rating) d. Bill 6-4 6-3
The computer expects a bigger differential based on their ratings, so Bill's rating for this match is 3.22. This gets averaged into Bill's dynamic rating, Bill has a new dynamic rating of 2.89. Albert gets a new dynamic rating of 3.40.
When you play doubles, essentially the change in the rating applied to the players is divided by 4 instead of dividing by 2. This means that you can change your rating more and get bumped faster in singles, but not that singles is weighted more heavily.